Environmental and climate evolution in the Southwest USA since the last interglacial deduced from the pollen record from Stoneman lake, Arizona

Long and continuous lake sedimentary records offer enormous potential for interpreting the paleoenvironmental histories of the past and for understanding how terrestrial environments might adapt in the context of current global warming. However, sedimentary records that contain multiple glacialinterglacial cycles are scarce in continental basins. An ~80 m sediment core was recently obtained from Stoneman Lake (STL), Arizona, containing a unique record of the last ~1.3 Ma. Here we show a detailed pollen study of the topmost ~10 m of the record, covering the last climatic cycle since the Last Interglacial period (MIS5-MIS1; last ~130,000 years ¼ 130 kyr), with the goal of broadening our knowledge of the paleoenvironmental history of the arid North American Southwest in the past. The STL pollen record shows that the MIS5e interglacial was the warmest period of the last 130 kyr. This is deduced by the abundance of pollen types from plants that today exist at lower elevations that occurred around the STL at that time. These include Pinus edulis and other associated low elevation thermophilous plants such as Juniperus, Ambrosia, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae and Artemisia. Climate cooled rapidly and dramatically at the MIS5-4 boundary, which triggered a displacement of forest species towards lower elevation, causing P. ponderosa to occupy the study area. MIS3 was characterized by relatively warmer climate conditions with 3 prominent climatic oscillations (MIS3a, b and c). The coldest conditions were reached during MIS2 (LGM), when a ~1000 m displacement towards lower elevations of the subalpine forest species relative to present is observed. This is deduced by the highest abundance of Picea (~20 e25%) and Abies in the STL record, indicating their occurrence in the study area.Warming during the last deglaciation is evidenced by a shift of vegetation towards higher altitudes and the development of a montane forest composed mainly of Pinus ponderosa and Quercus replacing the LGM subalpine species. This montane forest remained abundant throughout the Holocene. This study shows that orbital-scale climate changes (mainly precession and eccentricity changes) forced vegetation and lake-level oscillations, documenting that insolation had a main role in controlling environmental change in this area. Climate projections of enhanced warming predict that P. edulis and Juniperus forest species will occupy the study area in the near future.Spanish Government PRX18/00080 PRX21/00127 CGL2013-47038-R CGL2017- 85415-REuropean CommissionSpanish Government CGL2013-47038-R CGL2017- 85415-RJunta de Andalucia P-20-00059FEDER Projects B-RNM-144-UGR18UGR-FEDER B-RNM-144-UGR18Arizona TRIFresearch program 100265

A multiproxy database of western North American Holocene paleoclimate records

This research has been supported by the Directorate for Geosciences of the National Science Foundation (grant nos. AGS-1602105 and AGS-1903548).We thank the USGS John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis, which hosted a meeting that led to this synthesis effort. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. We thank the original data generators who made their data available for reuse, and we acknowledge the data repositories for safeguarding these assets.Holocene climate reconstructions are useful for understanding the diverse features and spatial heterogeneity of past and future climate change. Here we present a database of western North American Holocene paleoclimate records. The database gathers paleoclimate time series from 184 terrestrial and marine sites, including 381 individual proxy records. The records span at least 4000 of the last 12 000 years (median duration of 10 725 years) and have been screened for resolution, chronologic control, and climate sensitivity. Records were included that reflect temperature, hydroclimate, or circulation features. The database is shared in the machine readable Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format and includes geochronologic data for generating site-level time-uncertain ensembles. This publicly accessible and curated collection of proxy paleoclimate records will have wide research applications, including, for example, investigations of the primary features of oceanatmospheric circulation along the eastern margin of the North Pacific and the latitudinal response of climate to orbital changes. The database is available for download at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12863843.v1 (Routson and McKay, 2020).National Science Foundation (NSF) AGS-1602105 AGS-190354

The Reading Palaeofire Database: an expanded global resource to document changes in fire regimes from sedimentary charcoal records

This research has been supported by the Leverhulme Trust (grant no. RC-2018-023), the European Research Council (grant no. 694481), the German Research Foundation (grant no. FE-1096/6-1), the Swiss Government Excellence Postdoctoral Scholarships (grant no. FIRECO 2016.0310), the National Science Centre of Poland (grant no. 2015/17/B/ST10/01656), the SCIEX Scholarship Fund (grant no. PSPB-013/2010), and the Estonian Research Council (grant no. MOBJD313).Sedimentary charcoal records are widely used to reconstruct regional changes in fire regimes through time in the geological past. Existing global compilations are not geographically comprehensive and do not provide consistent metadata for all sites. Furthermore, the age models provided for these records are not harmonised and many are based on older calibrations of the radiocarbon ages. These issues limit the use of existing compilations for research into past fire regimes. Here, we present an expanded database of charcoal records, accompanied by new age models based on recalibration of radiocarbon ages using IntCal20 and Bayesian age-modelling software. We document the structure and contents of the database, the construction of the age models, and the quality control measures applied. We also record the expansion of geographical coverage relative to previous charcoal compilations and the expansion of metadata that can be used to inform analyses. This first version of the Reading Palaeofire Database contains 1676 records (entities) from 1480 sites worldwide. The database (RPDv1b – Harrison et al., 2021) is available at https://doi.org/10.17864/1947.000345.Leverhulme Trust RC-2018-023European Research Council (ERC) European Commission 694481German Research Foundation (DFG) FE-1096/6-1Swiss Government Excellence Postdoctoral Scholarships FIRECO 2016.0310SCIEX Scholarship Fund PSPB-013/2010Estonian Research Council MOBJD31

Diseño y producción de sonido para el cortometraje sin diálogos BUG

[ES] El presente trabajo se centra en la exploración de las posibilidades del diseño de sonido, generando varias alternativas en la postproducción sonora sobre un cortometraje realizado por el propio autor, titulado Bug. Este cortometraje carece de diálogos y por consiguiente toda la información va vehiculada por la imagen y los diferentes elementos sonoros, pudiendo así explorar las funciones narrativas y expresivas del sonido no verbal. La postproducción sonora ha incluido una etapa de grabación de efectos sonoros como pasos, roces de ropa, suspiros y otros elementos no verbales, una etapa de búsqueda y selección de ambientes sonoros en librerías, una etapa de generación de efectos sonoros con herramientas de síntesis sonora y con Apple Loops en la herramienta Logic Pro, y finalmente varias etapas de ajuste, montaje, mezcla y procesamiento con filtros de frecuencia y reverberación de los diferentes sonidos tanto en Logic Pro como en la herramienta Fairlight incluida en el editor Davinci Resolve. Se han realizado tres alternativas de diseño sonoro aplicando un enfoque realista y varios estilos expresivos propios del cine fantástico, donde se enfatizan ciertos efectos y se generan elementos sonoros para crear ambientes o sensaciones asociadas a los elementos de la narración. Se hace una reflexión sobre el concepto de realismo y efectismo en el tratamiento sonoro, y sobre los momentos específicos de aparición de cada elementos sonoro y de su importancia en la mezcla y filtrado de la banda sonora. Se describen las decisiones de la realización sonora basándose en las influencias en la percepción del sonido para narrar completando o reinterpretando la imagen. Analizando los dos tipos de propuesta, un diseño naturalista y otro expresivo o efectista, se concluye que cada uno de los diseños imprime un estilo y conlleva unas consecuencias, que algunos recursos cumplen a la vez una función naturalista y expresiva; y que el uso inteligente de los distintos efectos ofrece importantes posibilidades narrativas por su capacidad evocadora y metafórica. Sobre la utilización del sonido directo es evidente que facilita e inevitablemente limita las posibilidades creativas de esta mitad de la ficción audiovisual que al final de este proyecto comienzo a dimensionar.[EN] This paper focuses on the exploration of the possibilities of sound design, generating several alternatives in sound postproduction on a short film made by the author, entitled Bug. This short film lacks dialogues and therefore all the information is conveyed by the image and the different sound elements, thus being able to explore the narrative and expressive functions of nonverbal sound. Sound postproduction has included a stage of recording sound effects such as steps, clothes rubbing, sighs and other nonverbal elements, a stage of search and selection of sound environments in libraries, a stage of generating sound effects with sound synthesis tools and with Apple Loops in the Logic Pro tool, and finally several stages of adjustment, assembly, mixing and processing with frequency filters and reverberation of the different sounds in both Logic Pro and the Fairlight tool included in the Davinci Resolve editor. There have been three sound design alternatives applying a realistic approach and several expressive styles of fantastic cinema, where certain effects are emphasized and sound elements are generated to create environments or sensations associated with the elements of the narrative. A reflection is made on the concept of realism and realism in the sound treatment, and on the specific moments of appearance of each sound elements and their importance in the mixing and filtering of the soundtrack. The sound realization decisions are described based on the influences on the perception of sound to narrate by completing or reinterpreting the image. Analyzing the two types of proposal, a naturalistic design and another expressive or effective, it is concluded that each of the designs prints a style and carries some consequences, that some resources fulfill both a naturalistic and expressive function; and that the intelligent use of the different effects offers important narrative possibilities due to their evocative and metaphorical capacity. On the use of direct sound it is evident that it facilitates and inevitably limits the creative possibilities of this half of the audiovisual fiction that at the end of this project I begin to dimension.Moreno Jiménez, G. (2019). Diseño y producción de sonido para el cortometraje sin diálogos BUG. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/129170TFG

Climatic control on the Holocene hydrology of a playa-lake system in the western Mediterranean

This study was supported by the action "Proyectos I + D + i del Programa Operativo FEDER 2018-Junta de Andalucia-UGR"& nbsp;[grant number B-RNM-144-UGR] , the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economia y Competividad) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER) [grant numbers CGL2013-47038-R and CGL2017- 85415-R] , and the Junta de Andalusia [grant numbers P18-RT-871 and Retos P20_00059, and research group RNM-190] . A.G.-A. was supported by a Ramon y Cajal Fellowship RYC of the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economia y Competividad) [grant number 2015-18966] . A.L.-A PhD was funded by a fellowship of the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economia y Competividad) [grant number BES-2018-084293] . F.G was financially supported by a Ramon y Cajal Fellowship (RYC2020-029811-I) of the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economia y Competividad) . The Open Access Publication Charge was funded by the University of Granada/CBUA.Evaporitic lakes such as playa-lakes are characteristic of many arid regions and are unique environments with respect to fauna and flora, while being very vulnerable to climate and environmental fluctuations and threatened by the current global change scenario. Water balance oscillations in these systems can trigger the precipitation or dissolution of different evaporitic minerals, negatively impacting local biodiversity and economic activities. Here, we study the sedimentary record of a small saline pond from a playa-lake complex in southwestern Iberia in order to reconstruct the paleohydrological evolution of this area and assess potential anthropogenic disturbances. The different proxies studied in the ~11.9 ky old sedimentary record of the Laguna de la Ballestera suggest that the greatest lake extension and the highest water levels occurred during the Early Holocene, pointing to the wettest period of the record. Climate transitioned towards more arid conditions during the Middle Holocene, and even more dramatically during the Late Holocene. In this last stage the wetland surface and the water level largely diminished and gypsum precipitation gradually increased pointing towards a negative precipitation/ evapotranspiration balance and lowest water levels. Summer desiccation likely occurred under this scenario, especially after ~1.0–0.9 cal ky BP coeval with the Medieval Climate Anomaly, when gypsum content started to rise abruptly. However, this significant gypsum precipitation was only associated with a massive drop in the siliciclastic content and scarce carbonates (dolomite and calcite) during the last ~400 years. This evidence suggests a shift from a (semi) permanent to a temporal/seasonal hydrological regime. The environmental evolution of this wetland responded to the general climatic evolution of the western Mediterranean during the Holocene, being mostly controlled by changes in insolation. Our data also show that the environmental response of the studied wetland to natural climate variations was only significantly disturbed by human activities since the 20th century, especially in the second half of the century, deduced by abrupt fluctuations in the siliciclastic, gypsum and organic content in the sediments, as well as by the enhanced sedimentary accumulation rates, probably as a response to changes in the hydroperiod of the lake and in the catchment land use.Spanish Government B-RNM-144-UGRProyectos I + D + i del Programa Operativo FEDER 2018-Junta de Andalucia-UGR B-RNM-144-UGRSpanish Government RNM-190European Commission B-RNM-144-UGR BES-2018-084293Junta de Andalusia CGL2013-47038-R CGL2017- 85415-R P18-RT-871Ramon y Cajal Fellowship RYC of the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economia y Competividad) Retos P20_00059 2015-18966University of Granada/CBUA RYC 2020-029811-

Paleohydrological dynamics in the Western Mediterranean during the last glacial cycle

This study was supported by the project B-RNM-144-UGR18 of the action "Proyectos I+D+i del Programa Operativo FEDER 2018 -Junta de Andalucia-UGR", the projects CGL2013-47038-R and CGL201785415-R, of the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional FEDER", and the research group RNM-190 (Junta de Andalucia). A.G.-A. was also supported by a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship of the 7th Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration of the European Commission (NAOSIPUK. Grant Number: PIEF-GA-2012-623027) and by a Ram ' on y Cajal Fellowship RYC-2015-18966 of the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economia y Competividad). J.C. acknowledges the postdoctoral funding provided by the Academy of Finland (project number 316702). J.L.T. hosted the NAOSIPUK project (PIEFGA-2012-623027) at the University of Glasgow. A.L.-A PhD is funded by BES-2018-084293 (Ministerio de Economia y Competividad). M.J.R.R. acknowledges the postdoctoral funding by the European Research Council (ERC-2017-ADG-788616). This study was supported by an ERC Consolidator Grant (STEEPclim) to D.S. (Grant Agreement No. 647035). E.S. is supported by the DFG Cluster of Excellence 2077 >The Ocean Floor -Earth's Uncharted Interface < at MARUM. We thank Ralph Kreutz for analytical support.The transitional regions between the low and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are highly vulnerable to future climate change yet most of the current climate models usually diverge in their projections. To better understand the dynamics in these regions, the reconstruction of past hydrological fluctuations and precipitation patterns is of paramount importance to accurately constrain present and future climate scenarios. In this study, we investigated paleohydrological dynamics in the western Mediterranean region, a transitional zone between low-mid latitudes and Atlantic - Mediterranean realms. We reconstruct precipitation and moisture source changes during the last -35 ka in order to propose the potential mechanisms driving these oscillations. To do so, we use hydrogen isotopes from sedimentary leaf waxes, more specifically the C31 n-alkane homologue, and a precipitation proxy based on previously published pollen data from a sedimentary core (Padul-15-05) in southern Iberia (Padul wetland -37-N). With this combination we disentangle the coupled effect of precipitation amount and source on the hydrogen isotopic signature of the studied C31 n-alkane record. Our results show three main periods characterized by different precipitation patterns. Low precipitation, mainly linked to a significant contribution from an isotopically-enriched Mediterranean precipitation source, occurred from -30 to -15.5 ka BP and during the last -5 ka, whereas enhanced precipitation with a predominant isotopically-depleted Atlantic precipitation source prevailed from -15.5 to -5 ka BP. This latter stage is here defined as the Western Mediterranean Humid Period (WMHP). In addition, some occasional millennial-scale opposite precipitation patterns can be observed during these climatically distinct periods. These changes in the source of precipitation were likely coupled to a shift in the main rainy season from winter, when Atlantic precipitation prevailed, to late winter-early spring, when the contribution of Mediterranean moisture is higher. Comparison between the studied mid-latitude terrestrial Padul-15-05 core and a low-latitude marine record offshore of northwestern Africa shows clear long-term synchronous responses of both western Mediterranean precipitation and western African monsoon systems to northern Hemisphere atmospheric dynamics, ultimately controlled by orbital forcing and ice-sheets fluctuations.action "Proyectos I+D+i del Programa Operativo FEDER 2018 -Junta de Andalucia-UGR" B-RNM-144-UGR18Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain CGL2013-47038-R CGL201785415-RJunta de Andalucia RNM-190Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship of the 7th Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration of the European Commission (NAOSIPUK) PIEF-GA-2012-623027Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economia y Competividad) RYC-2015-18966Academy of FinlandEuropean Commission 316702NAOSIPUK project at the University of Glasgow PIEFGA-2012-623027Ministerio de Economia y Competividad BES-2018-084293European Research Council (ERC)European Commission ERC-2017-ADG-788616ERC Consolidator Grant (STEEPclim) 647035DFG Cluster of Excellence 2077 >The Ocean Floor -Earth's Uncharted Interface < at MARUMEuropean Commissio

Role of fibre in broiler diets - Firend or foe?

The fibrous fraction of the feeds encompasses a group of heterogeneous compounds differing in chemical composition and physical properties (Graham and Aman, 1991, Bach Knudsen, 2001). Dietary fiber is the most used term to define the fiber fraction of ingredients and feeds, and includes cell walls, stored non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), and lignin (Bach Knudsen, 2001). Based on their physico-chemical properties, DF can be divided into soluble and insoluble fractions with distinct effects on digestive physiology and animal metabolism. Consequently, the benefits of fiber inclusion in poultry diets will vary depending on factors such as characteristics of the fiber source, type of bird, and digestive health status

Effects of the inclusion of oat hulls or sugar beet pulp in the diet on gizzard characteristics, apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, and microbial count in the ceca in 36 day old broilers reared on floor

The effects of the inclusion of oat hulls (OH) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) in the diet on gizzard characteristics, apparent ileal nutrient digestibility (AID), and Clostridium perfringens, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillus proliferation in the ceca were studied in 36 d?old broilers. There were a control diet with a low CF content (1.61%) and 2 additional diets that resulted from the dilution of this feed with 5% of either OH or SBP

Drought as a possible contributor to the Visigothic Kingdom crisis and Islamic expansion in the Iberian Peninsula

The Muslim expansion in the Mediterranean basin was one the most relevant and rapid cultural changes in human history. This expansion reached the Iberian Peninsula with the replacement of the Visigothic Kingdom by the Muslim Umayyad Caliphate and the Muslim Emirate of Córdoba during the 8th century CE. In this study we made a compilation of western Mediterranean pollen records to gain insight about past climate conditions when this expansion took place. The pollen stack results, together with other paleohydrological records, archaeological data and historical sources, indicate that the statistically significant strongest droughts between the mid-5th and mid-10th centuries CE (450–950 CE) occurred at 545–570, 695–725, 755–770 and 900–935 CE, which could have contributed to the instability of the Visigothic and Muslim reigns in the Iberian Peninsula. Our study supports the great sensitivity of the agriculture-based economy and socio-political unrest of Early Medieval kingdoms to climatic variationsMinistry of Science and Innovation of the Government of Spain, Agencia Estatal de Investigación /10.13039/501100011033/ and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional - A way ofmaking Europe, in particular the grant numbers FJC2020-044215- IThe grant number Retos P20_00059The action Proyectos I + D + i del Programa Operativo FEDER 2018 (grant number A-RNM-336-UGR20Research group RNM-190 from the Junta de Andalucía (Regional Government of Andalusia)The project SBPLY/21/ 180501/000205Scientific Research and Technology Transfer Projects of the Junta deComunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (Regional Government of Castilla-La Mancha

Algal lipids reveal unprecedented warming rates in alpine areas of SW Europe during the industrial period

Alpine ecosystems of the southern Iberian Peninsula are among the most vulnerable and the first to respond to modern climate change in southwestern Europe. While major environmental shifts have occurred over the last ~ 1500 years in these alpine ecosystems, only changes in the recent centuries have led to abrupt environmental responses, but factors imposing the strongest stress have been unclear until now. To understand these environmental responses, this study, for the first time, has calibrated an algal lipid-derived temperature proxy (based on long-chain alkyl diols) to instrumental historical data extending alpine temperature reconstructions to 1500 years before present. These novel results highlight the enhanced effect of greenhouse gases on alpine temperatures during the last ~ 200 years and the longterm modulating role of solar forcing. This study also shows that the warming rate during the 20th century (~ 0:18 ºC per decade) was double that of the last stages of the Little Ice Age (~ 0:09 ºC per decade), even exceeding temperature trends of the high-altitude Alps during the 20th century. As a consequence, temperature exceeded the preindustrial record in the 1950s, and it has been one of the major forcing processes of the recent enhanced change in these alpine ecosystems from southern Iberia since then. Nevertheless, other factors reducing the snow and ice albedo (e.g., atmospheric deposition) may have influenced local glacier loss, since almost steady climate conditions predominated from the middle 19th century to the first decades of the 20th century.This research has been supported by the Seventh Framework Programme (grant no. NAOSIPUK (623027)), the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (grant no. CGL2017-85415- R), the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (grant no. CGL2013- 47038-R), the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (grant no. CGL2011-23483), and the Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía, Agencia de Innovación y Desarrollo de Andalucía (grant no. P11-RNM 7332). This research has also been supported by grant no. 87/2007 of the Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (OAPN)-Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, the research group no. RNM-190 of the Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (Junta de Andalucía), and the Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (fellowship no. RYC-2015-18966) of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación